Effect of Antimicrobial Activity of Indigenous Cow Urine against Bacterial Fish Pathogens

R. Aruna, S.S. Padmapriya*

P.G. Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women (Autonomous), Kumbakonam-612001, Tamil Nadu, India

*Corresponding Author E-mail: spsrijan23@gmail.com

Abstract:

From the ancient period cow’s urine has been used as a medicine. In India, drinking of cow urine has been practiced for thousands of years. Indiscriminate uses of antibiotics have caused microbial resistance and also lead side effects. To overcome from such situation plants and animal materials are widely used for the treating various substances due to antimicrobial properties in aquaculture. In Aquaculture, cow urine has been used to improve general health of an individual. Therefore, the present study is under taken to study in vitro antibacterial potential of cow urine against fish pathogenic bacteria, like, (Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherishia coli, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylicoccus aerus) the method employed to study the different concentration of cow urine (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%, control used as distilled water) antibacterial activity is agar disc diffusion technique. A reference standard drug, Amphicillin was used. The results showed good antibacterial activity of cow urine against most of the test bacterial strains by exhibiting zone of inhibition. These results thus proves that indigenous cow urine possess good inhibitory activities against fish pathogens and can be used to control infectious diseases.

KEY WORDS: Cow urine, fish pathogens, antibacterial activity, Aeromonas hydrophila.

Introduction:

Asia contributes more than 90 Percent of the world aquaculture Production, like other farming system. Aquaculture and fisheries is plagued with disease problems resulting from its intensification and commercialization. The physiological conditions of fish and their entire environment play an important role is connected with the course of diseases. Fish diseases are broadly classified into pathogenic and non pathogenic diseases. Pathogenic diseases are virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoans, parasitic, crustaceans, helminthes, and other parasites, Non –Pathogenic diseases are hereditary, ecological, tumors, environmental and vitamin disturbances.

The highest important is given to fish diseases which are highly contagious (Pathogenic).The host pathogen relationship generally undergoes several stages of development.

In Veda, cow is considered the most valuable animal and is called mother of all .Different products obtained from cow like urine, dung, milk, ghee and curd are used widely in number of Ayurvedic formulations .As per Ayurvedic literatures cow urine possess many medicinal properties and is used in curing number of diseases like skin diseases, kidney problems, epilepsy, anemia, constipation, respiratory disease etc. Due to its therapeutic values majority of rural population India use cow urine as a folklore remedy to get rid of various diseases. Now days, different preparation of cow urine likes fresh urine, sterile urine has been marketed with cheap and affordable price.

For control of microbial infections and diseases, various synthetic drugs and chemical formulations have been used. But due to their indiscriminate use, microbes have developed wide resistance against these synthetic drugs such as broad-spectrum antibiotics. This resistance was developed after induction of new enzyme system in microbes, which not only simplified drugs but also enhance drug threshold level in microbes. Therefore, to combat the problem of microbial infection and drug resistance new alternative of synthetic drugs have been explored, though antimicrobial activities of so many natural products have been explored. But there is no report available on antimicrobial activity of cow urine. In spite of the fact that the cow urine has great pharmacological importance and has great aesthetic and medicinal value though it’s utility has been mentioned in holy texts of Indian literature. Cow urine has certain volatile and non-volatile components, which might have very high antimicrobial activity (shaw et al., 2007) Cow urine is also used by traditional healers in combination with herbs to treat fever, epilepsy and anemia. Cow urine exhibits both antioxidant and antimicrobial activities which was confirmed by Edwin. Cow’s urine is widely used in the Ayurvedic pharmaceuticals for enhancing the properties of many drugs, by giving bhavana (repeated trituration). In shodhana (purification) of metals used. Chakra, Sushruta and all other ancient physicians have given prime importance to cow’s urine present study was aimed at studying the antibacterial activity of Gir cow urine against the given fish pathogenic bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Psudomonas aeurignosa.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Collection of cow urine:

Six healthy free cows of Bos indicus (Gir Indigenous breed) study for urine collection. For collection adult dwellers having age of more than 4 years were selected. The urine from Gir breed numbered 0133,0177,0184,0201 and 0468 collected from Goshala, Sri Vittal Rukmini Samasthan, Govindhapuram, kumbakonam, Tamilnadu, India. where, the all breed were maintained in a well ventilated shed with the provision of individual feeding and watering. The urine was pooled, separately and transported to laboratory in air tight sterile container.

Bacterial Culture:

Culture of five fish pathogene strain of each of Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeurignosa, Staphylococcus aureus were maintained in the laboratory in Nutrient broth (NB, Himedia) stored at 37ºc for before used in experiments.

Antibacterial Activity:

Antibacterial activity: (Disc Method)

Antimicrobial activity of cow urine was also evaluated by agar disc diffusion method. For this purpose nutrient agar media was used. For antimicrobial activity testing a known volume of fresh cow urine that is coated on sterile filter paper discs (Whatmann No.1) measuring 6 mm in size. These cow urine impregnated discs were made dry under laminar flow cabinet. Bacterial inoculums were spread evenly on to the surface of agar plate by sterile rubber pad spreader before cow urine coated discs were positioned on the inoculated agar surface. For comparison various combination of cow urine with sterile distilled water was used as negative control. Antibiotic that is amphicillin were also coated on filter discs separately. All treated and untreated plates were incubated for 24 h at 37ºC. The antibacterial activity was assessed in agar plates based on the size of the inhibition zone diameter surrounding the filter paper discs.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The result of antibacterial activity of the sample is presented in table1.The presence of Zone of inhibition around the disc was recorded. In our study it was reconfirmed that the cow urine possesses antimicrobial properties. Antibacterial activity of fresh cow urine was analyzed against the Aeromonas hydrophila, E.coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococccus aureus, Pseudomonas aeeurignosa. 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% concentrations of fresh cow urine discs were taken for the study. Among the four concentrations highest antibacterial activity was noted in 100% concentration when compared with 25%, 50% and 75%, when compared with control and the standard antibiotic (Amphicillin). The results of antibacterial potential of fresh cow urine preparation are shown in Table 1.The result of present study shows that antibacterial activity of fresh cow urine is more active than photo-activated urine. These observations are likely to the result of the presence of certain volatile and non-volatile components present in urine. The antibacterial activity of photo activated urine may be due to its acidic PH. The antibacterial activity of the present study is also constituent with the reports of other authors which also show good antibacterial activity in fresh cow urine. The activity of test urine sample preparations was comparable with that of standard, Amphicillin. The largest zone of inhibition was observed in 100% concentration against (Aeromonas hydrophila 20mm, Escherichia coli 19mm, Bacillus cerues 14mm, Psdomonas aeurignosa 15mm and Staphylococcus aureus 13mm) in comparing with standard antibacterial activity Amphicillin was Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Escherchia coli, Pseudomonas auerignosa, Staphylococcus aureus.

Table 1 : The antibacterial activity of different cow urine sample against pathogenic bacterial strains. The values of different samples represent mean zone of inhibition in mm.

Bacteria	25µl	50µl	75µl	100µl	Amphicillin
Aeromonas hydrophila	0.2	0.9	1	2	1.5
Escherichia coli	0.3	o.4	0.7	1.9	1.9
Bacillus cereus	0.5	0.6	0.8	1.4	1.7
Pseudomonas aeurignosa	0.2	0.6	0.9	1.5	2
Staphylococcusa aureus	0.3	0.5	0.8	1.3	2.1

Figure 1: Antimicrobial activity of cow urine against fish bacterial pathogens

The active principles of cow urine are responsible for antibacterial activity. Hence it can be considered 100% cow urine of Indigenous breed posses a powerful antibacterial activity against all the bacteria was tested. This also stands as a scientific support for the usage of this Indian breed’s cow urine for treating in aquaculture.

REFERENCES:

1. Ayyappan, S. and Jenna, J.K (2001). Sustainable freshwater aquaculture in India. In: sustainable Indian fisheries pp 88-131. National academy of agricultural sciences, New Delhi.

2. Arun Kumar Sathasivam, M. Methuselah, Rajasekaran Rajendran. Antimicrobial Activities of cow urine Distillate against some clinical pathogens. Global J of pharmacology.2 010; 4(1):41-44.

3. Shah E. Herbal composition in cow urine distillate.US5693327.1997.

4. Krishnamurthi K, Dutta D, Devi SS, Chakrabarti T. protective effect of distillate and redistillate of cow’s urine in human polymorph nuclear leucocytes challenged with established genotoxic chemicals. Biomes environ -Sci2004; 17: 57-66.

5. Chauhan RS, Singh BP, Singhal L.K. Immunomodulation with Kamdhenu Ark in mice. F cow urine. J Immunol Immunolpathol 2001; 71:89-92.

6. Edwin J, Sheej E, Vaibhav T, Rajesh G, Emmanuel T. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine. Global journal of pharmacology 2008; 2(2): 20-22.

7. FAO, 1999, Aquaculture production statistics 1998-1999 FAO fisheries circular No.815, Rev.11. FAO Rome:203

8. Prescott, Harley and Klein: Microbiology (2008), Seventh edition, McGraw Hill Publication.

9. Shaw SL, Mitloehner FM, Jackson W, Depeters EJ, Fadel JG, Robinson emissions from dairy cows and their wastes as measured by proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometery. Environ. Sci. Technol. 14:1310-1316.

Received on 26.05.2016 Modified on 06.07.2016

Research J. Science and Tech. 2016; 8(3):139-141.

DOI: 10.5958/2349-2988.2016.00019.X